2013年6月18日 星期二

文法淺釋 (7)


文法淺釋系列 (7)

文法(grammar)與句型(sentence patterns)

 
15) 1. –ics 結尾之名詞,大都純指學科 後接單數動詞:
Mathematics is a required course in high school數學是高中必修課程。

“Statistics obviously arises in business and social science but

even enters the arts in analyzing manuscripts.”統計學先在商業與社會科學上用上了,但甚至在
分析草稿的方法上也用得上。

他如:
economics 經濟學physics 物理學;phonetics 語音學;optics 光學; pediatrics小兒科學,
obstetrics產科學(gynecology婦科學)aesthetics) 審美學,genetics遺傳學等。
注意
學科並不一定以 –ics 結尾:

organic chemistry有機化學;psychiatry精神病學;(psychology心理學) podiatry (足科-
足部相關的醫學)philosophy哲學;ecology生態學algebra代數;oncology惡性腫瘤科;
astrology星相學astronomy天文學Sinology中國學 (Sinologist中國通)urology泌尿科;radiology
放射線科pathology病理學等。

2. 但若指學科以外之義, 則接複數動詞:
Statistics show that the number of people owning cars isincreasing. (統計資料顯示汽車擁有者的
數目正增加著。) 

*本題為複數形名詞但具可作單數或複數,須依其意義而定。statistics n.可作統計資料 = statistical data, 如本句 另例:    

His mathematics are weak. 他的數學能力不好。但Mathematics is hard to learn.  數學不好唸。                      
His politics sometimes differ from ours. 他的政治觀點有時與我們不同。但,
Politics is a required course in this department. 政治學在本系是必修課。

《笑話》
I looked up the word politics in the dictionary. It’s actually a combination of two words: poli, which means many, and tics, which means bloodsuckers.
在字典查閱politics 這個字;我發現其實它由兩個字組合:poli意謂許多;tics意謂吸血鬼。

注意
也有些學科字尾不加s, 如,logic 邏輯;rhetoric 修辭學;music 音樂

16) A man of his means can afford to live in such a luxurious hotel. (具有他的收入能力的人,才住得起如此豪華的飯店。) 

mean v. 轉成的字有:
A. meaning (意義) of ~ =meaningful (有意義)of no ~ = without any ~ =meaningless(無意義)

B. means:
 1. 作“方法” “手段解;其單數、複數同形:
There is (are) no ~of knowing what is happening in that country .無法知曉該國正發生什麼事。

 The end justifies the ~.” (目的證明手段是正當的) 只達目的可以不擇手段』。*Note
下列為常用片語:
a. by no ~ 決不 = not … at all
他決非學者。He is by no means a scholar. = He is far from being a scholar. = He is not a scholar at all. = He is not a scholar in the least.                                               
* (置於句首時應接倒裝句) 
By no means (In no way) can you touch the live wire with wet hands. 你絕不可用潮濕的手去碰觸通電的電線。

b. by ~ of = through= by virtue of
He attained his goal by ~ of hard work. 借著勤勉他達到目標。                               

c. by all ~ 盡全力
They should carry out the instruction by all means.  他們應盡全力執行這項指示。     
May I use your phone?  Sure, by all means. (=  go ahead /be my guest)借用電話好嗎?請便吧。

2. 作“財富 收入,僅可接複數動詞
His ~ enable him to live in plenty and comfort. 他的收入使他能過富裕且舒適的生活。 
We must live within our ~ 我們量入為出 * to live beyond one’s ~ 入不敷出

3. afford vt.花得..;其前常加 can could;其後可接名 (代名詞) to + V
I can’t ~ a Porsche.我開不起保時捷的汽車。
Poor senior citizens can’t ~ to be sick,” sighed the old Grandpa. 老祖父口氣說:『貧窮老人生病不起。』
                                
17) 一些由外來語變成的英文字之複數形,有不同的變化:
 
a. A.單數形以-sis 結尾,複數形則以 ses 結尾 ,
Are there any oases to be found in this desert? (在此沙漠中能找到綠洲嗎?)

basis 基礎         bases    /   on the basis of… 依據…. 

crisis  危機        crises       energy~ 能源危機 identity ~ 認同危機

parenthesis 括弧    parentheses  psoriasis牛皮癬  

hypothesis 假設    hypotheses   metamorphosis變型,蛻變

metamorphoses  ;analysis 分析 analyses  paralysis 痲痺 paralyses (infantile~ sis = polio)小兒痲痺

thesis論文  theses 比較dissertation 學術或博士論文

-sis可表示某種疾病名稱:

*osteoporosis骨質疏鬆症,atherosclerosis動脈硬化,tuberculosis肺結核,stenosis狹窄,cardiac
~ 心室狹窄,狹心症,但ischemia缺血症。chassis底盤

【比較】一些以- itis 結尾字表示身體某部的發炎:

hepatitis肝炎;encephalitis腦炎;arthritis 關節炎;bronchitis 支氣管炎;vasculitis 血管炎;
dermatitis皮膚炎

b. 單數-um 複數為-a
datum 資料  data 如, database資料庫;bacterium 細菌 bacteriamemorandum 備忘錄 memoranda (簡稱為memo)  addendum 附加條款  addenda  spectrum 光譜spectra ;curriculum 課程 curricula  比較 extra-curricular activity   課外活動 (俚語-偷情)

c. 單數為 –on 複數為-a
phenomenon 現象 phenomena  ;criterion標準  criteria         

d. 單數為-us 複數為 –i    

nucleus核子 nuclei nuclear war-head 核子彈頭;nuclear arms核武器  genius 天才 genii
geniuses*Gemini双子星

Justin Lai, 06/17/2013


 

 

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