文法淺釋系列 (20)
文法(grammar)與句型(sentence patterns)
A remembrance of what is past and an
anticipation of
what is to come seem to be the two faculties by which man
differs from
most other animals.
回憶過去與展望未來，似乎是人類與其他動物最大不同的兩項
才能。
(what is past
是名詞子句，作介系詞of 之受詞；what is to come作介系詞of 之受詞。本句的主詞為A remembrance與an anticipation，屬複合主詞，故動詞seem不加s。by which
引導形容詞子句修飾the two faculties，by which = by the two faculties，differ v.
分辦，by
the two faculties修飾動詞differs= be different from與…. 不同
比較：
What
curious
books I have, they are indeed but few, shall be at your disposal.
(我所擁有好奇的書本即使不多，但可以全供你使用。)
(註：What
curious books…=All the
curious books that I
have…；註解：what此處作關係形容詞= all…..that。若强調廣大的範圍，也可以用whatever。 there are indeed but few…= there are few indeed, but….
雖然少但…. 。at one’s disposal 任由…使用。
《 whatever 之其他用法》：
1. 引導一個副詞子句，表示退讓 = no matter what…它必須和主要子句以逗號隔開：
Whatever may come, (= Come what may) we are on your side.無論結果如何，我們都支持你。
*Whatever it is, act on the
rules. 無論如何，要遵守規定。=No matter what it is (may be),
*Whatever it is is not my concern. 無論它是什麼，都與我們無關。(=Anything
that it is…) Whatever it is 是名詞子句，作第二個is的主詞，兩個is中間不可用逗號隔開。
2. ~ you
say. 依你的意思。比較: It is up to you. 由你決定
3. 否定+ ~~ = 否定+ at all (作加強語氣用)
They don’t have
any right ~~ to say so. 他們一點也沒權利這麼說。= They have no right at all
to say so. 另外，
l Whichever: W~ model you decide on,
you can be certain luxury welcomes you.
無論你決定選購何種樣品屋，你能確定買的是豪宅。(whichever= no
matter which)
4. or whatever….
= or you name it. = 等等 (多用在口語中)
比較：
however = no matter
how… (後面須加 +adj. / adv.) 無論如何地…. 。
與主要子句間須有逗號隔開：
However rich you are, you will never be happy without
friends. 無論你多麼富有，
沒有朋友你是不會快樂。
However dangerously we are situated, we must not
lose our faith. 無論我們的處境如何危險，都不能失去信心。
但，He is provided with many luxuries. However,
he is not contented.
人家雖提供他很多奢侈享受，他卻一點也不快樂。However, = in spite of that
儘管…; 作承上接下語用，字後須加一逗號。
唸完以上兩節有關what 與whatever的用法，諸位已成這兩字的權威了。最後考一句：Whatever you sell, I won’t buy it. 該如何譯成中文? (答案下次揭曉)
Justin Lai
07/30/2013
嘉中全聯誼會
AACHW13
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