文法淺釋系列 (21)
文法(grammar)與句型(sentence patterns)
18) than一般作連接詞用,連接兩個子句,表示程度的比較,在前面的主要子句中應含有形容詞或副詞的比較級:(than所引導的子句為副詞子句)
This problem is tougher
than the other one (is) 此問題比另一問題難。(tougher形容詞)
She followed the
instructions more closely than
the rest of them. 她比其餘人更仔細地按規定做。(more副詞)
Better late than never. (晚做比不做好)- 本句為格言,原句= (It is) better to be late than (it is) never (done).
但學過英文者很多人可能不知道,than可以作關係代名詞用:
He gave me more
money than was needed. (他給我的錢比需要的多)。than 作關係代名詞 =which
,此處作主格用,代替前述的money,它亦可作受格:
He deserves more
praise than he really does. 他應得更多讚揚 *than = which, 作
does 之受詞。其前述詞亦可以指人:
There were more people present than we had expected. 比我們期待更多的人出席。
比較:
“There is a strong potential for more
hardship and destitution than
we have seen in this country in a number of decades.” 幾十年後,在本國很可能出現,比我們曾經看過的更多困苦與貧窮的生活情形。(potential n. 潛力destitution 貧窮;decade十年)than 作have seen 之受詞。注意:一般關係代名詞可作主格、所有格與受格用,但than僅作主格及受格用。
19) itself 的用法:
itself 乃it 之反身代名詞,一般用法指無生命的物或事。
Let’s get to the core of the matter itself. 讓我們來探討事情本身的核心。
但itself 若接在抽象名詞之後,則可以修飾人或事物:
They are hospitality itself;they are very hospitable. (他們很好客)。若用themselves則不通
。
抽象名詞 + itself = very + adj. = all + 抽象名詞
beauty itself= very beautiful = all beauty 十分美麗
台北曾有一家酒家名叫「黑美人」(台語發音) 他們英文譯作“All Beauty”一絕也!(註):
他例:
benevolence +~ = very benevolent 十分慈善;
generosity +~ = very generous 很慷慨
attention +~ = very attentive = all attention 十分專心
cruelty + ~ = very
cruel 十分殘忍
curiosity + ~ = very curious
很好奇。 但 all有時接複數名詞表示同樣意思
**比較:
They are all
smiles. 滿臉笑容。
They are all
eyes 專心注視。=They are very attentive
They are all
tears. 淚流滿面。=(They are in tears)
They are all
ears. 專心聆聽。
(註):酒家在廣東話意謂restaurant 餐廳,目前大多數人喜用pub表示喝酒的地方;pub= public house。美國有些地方仍沿用tavern (酒館) 或Beer
Hall(啤酒館)。
Justin Lai
08/06/2013
嘉中校友全聯會
AACHW13
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