文法淺釋系列 (85)

文法淺釋系列 (85)

文法(grammar)與句型(sentence patterns)

七. 助動詞 (Modal Auxiliary)  與詰問句 (Tag Question) :  

                                                                                          

1)  Can it be the principal?  Yes, it must be him. (會是校長? 是的，一定是他。)

 can 用在疑問句和否定句表示”懷疑”含 :”難道…”之義：

It cannot be the principal. 肯定不是校長。而must be 乃表示肯定之猜測，

含”肯定是” 之義；如：

You must be wrong.   你肯定是錯了。比較： You must be cautious.  你必須

小心。You have to be cautious. 你不得不小心。

You must be hungry by now.  到這時候你一定餓了。

Somewhere in cyberspace, she thought, there must be a diagnosis that the

specialists had missed.

她想在電腦連接的某處，一定有一項專科醫師漏了診斷的地方。             

                                    

*註：must + V 含「主觀」和「客觀」的要求；have to + V 則強調「客觀」

的要求， 含「被迫」之義。

a. We have to yield to the boy’s demand- to buy the toy.  Because he says

threateningly, ”No dinner without the toy.”

我們不得不屈服於男孩的要求-買玩具給他，因為他威脅說「不買玩具

就不吃飯」。

a.      In my experience, an honest politician is someone who lies only when he

 has to. The really dishonest ones do it for practice.

依我的經驗，誠實的政客只有不得已時才說謊；而真正不誠實的政客則對說謊習以為常。

2) Jane cannot have left the room for I saw her a few minutes ago.

(珍不可能走出房間，因為幾分鐘前，我還見到她)。

1. cannot have + P.P. (不致於已經…) 表示對過去事實否定之猜測而could

    表示”婉轉”之現在情形:

     He could be wrong in blaming his wife  他或許錯怪他太太。

2.Can + S. + have + P.P. …?  用在問句則表示 ”難到(過去)已經….”： 

 Can he have said such rude words?  難到他說過這般粗魯的話?

  Yes, he must have said so. 他一定說過 。

*Her glance of horror must have assured him that she would accept no such fate.

她恐怖的眼神一定讓他確信她不會接受此種命運。

Justin Lai 編

07/29/2014