文法淺釋 (8)

文法淺釋系列 (8)

文法(grammar)與句型(sentence patterns)

18) The United Nations is a failure for it fails to execute its responsibility. (聯合國是一個失敗的組織，因它未能執行它的責任。)    

the United Nations 雖是複數形，卻作單數用，因它表示是一個組織 (an organization)

另如：The United States of America is a superpower.  美國是一超級強國。

19) 船隻(carrier航空母艦)，飛行物 (aircraft) 均作“陰性”用, 因它能裝載人

The Titanic sank with all her crew and passengers. (鐵達尼號連同它的船員和旅客們全部沉沒)。

因為是陰性，故用her

但，the crew  (不包含captain 機長或艦長；指全體水手或機上組員) 乃集合名詞不可加 s

* crew cut 似水手頭之髮型 (指平頭)

21) a. all the + 單數名詞 = the whole +單數名詞 例

The whole book is read several times. (整本書讀了好多遍。)all the book= the whole book；但，all the 亦可以接複數名詞，如all the books 所有的書本；the whole ~整本書，卻僅可接單數名詞。

*但不可用the whole books。all the body= the whole body全身；但*all the bodies 指全部的屍體(corpses是正式說法)。all the world= the whole world= throughout the world= the entire world全世界              

b. all + one’s + n. (單、複數)

I will love you with all my heart.我會全心全意地愛你。

= I will love you with my whole heart. = I will love you whole-heartedly.

all his money 他全部的錢；all her children 她所有子女

22) Please bring me the new pair of scissors. (請給我那把新的剪刀。) 注意形容詞之位置：

a. He stopped to drink a quick cup of coffee他停下來以便喝一杯迅速冲泡的咖啡。(注意：a

 quick cup of coffee= a cup of coffee made quickly)

b. a new set of reference books. 一套新參考書 (不可說a set of new books) 可以說a set of false teeth. (一套假牙)

c. hot (cold) 大都放在物質名詞之前

a glass of cold water 一杯冷水；a cup of hot tea 一杯熱茶 

23) 本節再談一些抽象名詞，有人把有「無不勞而獲」誤譯為“No pain, no gain.”。正確譯法為：No pains, no gains.  pain U .不可數名詞，作“痛苦”解

He quit his job because of constant chest pain. 因常胸痛，他辭去工作。所以止痛叫to kill ~；pain-killing medicine(= ~- relief) 止痛藥。

pain加s作“辛勞”解，另例：take pains 努力；spare no ~ 不遺餘力

be at ~ to do + 事，費心作事。

*The pains you are taking over that matter is not justified. 你在那件事所作的努力，無法證明是正當的。本句pains前加the，因其後有一形容子句(you….matter)限制它。

【比較】

*《 No cross, no crown. 》 『無艱辛即無榮耀』。(cross抽象名詞= trial磨難，= affliction受苦。crown榮冠) cross與crown皆不必加s.

gain加了s才作獲益。a gain in weight體重增加；capital gains資金的營利

【注意】：有些名詞加了s，另具其他意義：

*letters 書信，love ~s= sugar report情書(較文雅) 但，a man of letters文學家(*比較: literary

figure(s)家)；

*tidings(限用複數)=news, information資訊。但，*Time and tide wait for no men.歲月不待人

(tide海潮)。

*earning賺錢的行為，earnings賺的錢；*saving儲蓄，savings存款， Savings & Loan 儲貸銀行。

22) He used to be lazy but now he has made her a good husband. (他過去雖懶，現在卻已經變成她的好丈夫。)

1. 上句的husband若換成wife是錯誤。因為：He has made her a good wife. 他使她變成一位好妻子。(可能她從前不好) 此處 made為不完全及物動詞：make + Obj. + Obj. complement 受詞補語

另如, He made it possible to work and listen to music at the same time. 一邊工作一邊聽音樂，

他辦到了。

His father made him what he is now. 他父親造成他今天的成就。(what he is now-名詞子詞子句作it之補述語)

2. make 另作不完全不及物動詞，即 make + S. C. (主詞補語), 此處 make = turn out to be (結果成為…) 故原句

He has made her a good husband. = He has turned out to be a good husband for her.

《Great readers make great students. 》好棒的閱讀者結果成為好學者。他例

Jeff and John made a good team. Jeff and John 合作無間。

Tom and Sally made a good couple. Tom與Sally成為一對佳偶。

3) 但make亦可作完全及物動詞，後接受詞

They make flour into bread他們把麵粉製成麵包。

Justin Lai, 06/19/2013

Jlai77168@gmail.com