文法淺釋 (3)
文法(grammar)與句型(Sentence Patterns)
*6) 與7) 專有名詞部分請詳『英語漫談』 “a China chance” 一文
8) 本節討論介系詞+普通名詞有『强調動作之部位』之意,而其義也因介系詞而異:
Suddenly, he
caught me by the sleeve. 他突然抓住我的衣袖。
by
the + noun 指作動作之部位,強調『緊握不放』:
He caught me by
the hand (arm) 他一把抓住我的手或手臂 。 不可說:He caught
me by my arm (hand) 或 He caught my hand
(arm) 。by
以外之介係詞,表示不同的動作部位:
I patted him on
the shoulder 我輕拍他肩膀。(on 指動作之著力點含平面的接觸)
其他介系詞:
He slapped me across the
face. ( across 指動作之橫越)
= He boxed me on
the ears. 他掌摑我耳光。= He gave me a box on the ear. (box v.n.摑打; boxing拳擊,boxer打拳者)
I looked her into the face. (into 指進入) 我直視其面 。
I looked him into the
eyes. 我注視他。
He was stabbed in the heart. 他被捅了一刀。(in有刺入之意)【比較】:
l “by + the +noun”也可以表計量或數單位)作『論….計算』 解。Rice is sold by the pickle/
pound 米論斗/磅出售。Taxis
are hired by the hour. 計程車論小時出租。This house is rented by
the month.
(=month by month)房子論月出租。
9) 名詞的所有格,如為可數單數名詞之所有格,在字尾加apostrophe
+s例:a boy’s
uniform (制服) 。若有s結尾的複數形,則僅加 ’, 例a boys’
school男校;a ladies’ room (女廁) =a
women’s room,若不以s結尾的複數形則仍須+’s:a children’s
hospital 兒童醫院。若字尾已有 “s” 音時,可以僅加 ’,for peace’ (conscience’)
sake看在和平份(良心) 份上,但my boss’s daughter老板女兒;Columbus’ (或Columbus’s) discovery of
America哥倫布發現美國,a Tom Jones’s hit (一首Tom Jones的熱門歌曲。
Another book of my brother’s
was published. 我弟弟另一本書出版了。上句之brother若不加所有格則不正確,因brother’s =brother’s books)
Tom, my
cousin’s car was stolen last night. (湯姆,我表哥的車子昨晚被偷。) 不可寫成Tom’s car, my
cousin….。但可另寫成:My cousin, Tom's car.......
一個名詞之後,若帶有一同位詞時,其所有格應加在此同位詞之後。
10) 表示某種行業之商店/辦公處,亦可在普通名詞之後所有格,即字後加 ‘apostrophe而省略 store 或shop
Paul had his hair cut at a barber’s.
(shop) Paul在理髮店理了髮。
a baker’s麵包店 = bakery;a grocer’s 雜貨商=grocery
a butcher’s獸肉商=
store or stand (攤) a
doctor’s (clinic)診所;a dentist’s 牙醫診所 = a dentist’s
office;my uncle’s / aunt’s (house) 我叔父/ 姨媽的住處;a
florist’s (store) 花店,但a hardware
/store五金行 (hardware不加’s)
*但,a confectionery n.糖果店;a stationery文具店如Staples或Office Depot等連鎖店
*專有名詞之所有格 apostrophe ( ‘ ) 後所省略之字,必須是講話者與聽話者皆明白之‘特殊場所” 例:
a. Their wedding
is to be held at St. Peter’s (church) 他們的婚禮將在聖彼德教堂舉行。
b. Are you going
with me to do some shopping at Macy’s ? (department store) 你要和我去梅西百貨購物?
Some promotion sales activities are going on at Sogo's (dept. store) 崇光百貨正辦些促銷活動。
c. He had his appendix incited at St. Joseph’s
(hospital) last week. 他上周在聖約瑟醫院動盲腸
手術。但,St. Martin's -(church or hospital) 可指聖馬丁醫院或教堂。
11) 陰性名詞之形成:一般陽性普通名詞字尾加-ess即成陰性:host—hostess
女主人;lion-lioness雌獅;steward-stewardess 女傭;air-steward男空服員
;air-stewardess女空服員 注意:flight
attendant 機上服務人員
(不分性別) 。除正副機長(captain) 外全體機上工作人員 則叫the crew(組員)。
但god-goddess
(god屬短母音,故須重複d再加ess)女神;Apollo(阿波羅) is a god; Venus(維納斯) is a goddess.
tiger-tigress 雌虎;emperor-empress
女皇帝;duke公爵 -duchess公爵夫人;waiter-waitress女侍;actor-actress女戲子
但陽性名詞變成陰性名詞,也有不規則變化:有字尾、字首之變化或完全不同的字:
he-goat 雄山羊,she-goat 雌山羊,drone 雄蜂
- bee雌蜂;chairman -chairwoman 女主席
(chairperson無陽陰性) spokesman – spokeswoman 女發言人; (sportsman運動員,很少用
sportswoman) Sir-Madame
夫人;landlord男地主(房東) landlady 女房東;dog- bitch 母狗(短
母音) ** beach
n.海灘(長母音)。
“Walks on the beach, all within reach.”所有散步皆在鄰近海灘上。(本句強調地理位置近海灘)
witch女巫師
--wizard 男巫
*《witchcraft》U.巫術;horse-- mare
雌馬 (鈍馬)
Joan of Arc is
regarded as a great heroine. (聖女貞德被認為是位偉大女英雄。)
It’s difficult
to cook up a perfect heroine. 編造一位完美的女英雄是困難的。* heroin海洛因 (毐品-narcotic)
Justin Lai, 06/01/2013
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