2013年6月5日 星期三

文法淺釋 (3)


文法淺釋 (3)

文法(grammar)與句型(Sentence Patterns)

*6) 7) 專有名詞部分請詳『英語漫談a China chance 一文

8) 本節討論介系詞+普通名詞『强調動作之部位』之意,而其義也因介系詞而異:

Suddenly, he caught me by the sleeve. 他突然抓住我的衣袖。

by the + noun 指作動作之部位,強調『緊握不放』
He caught me by the hand (arm) 他一把抓住我的手或手臂 不可說He caught me by my arm (hand) He caught my hand (arm) by 以外之介係詞,表示不同的動作部位                         

 I patted him on the shoulder 我輕拍他肩膀。(on 指動作之著力點含平面的接觸)

其他介系詞
 He slapped me across the face. ( across 指動作之橫越)
= He boxed me on the ears. 他掌摑我耳光。= He gave me a box on the ear. (box v.n.摑打; boxing拳擊,boxer打拳者)

 I looked her into the face.  (into 指進入) 我直視其面

 I looked him into the eyes. 我注視他。

He was stabbed in the heart. 他被捅了一刀。(in有刺入之意)比較】:

l  “by + the +noun”可以表計量或數單位)作『.計算』 解。Rice is sold by the pickle/
pound  米論斗/磅出售。Taxis are hired by the hour. 計程車論小時出租。This house is rented by
the month. (=month by month)房子論月出租。

9) 名詞的所有格,如為可數單數名詞之所有格,在字尾apostrophe +s例:a boy’s uniform (制服) 。若有s結尾的複數形,則僅加 , a boys’ school男校;a ladies’ room (女廁) =a women’s room,若不以s結尾的複數形則仍須+’sa children’s hospital 兒童醫院。若字尾已有 “s” 音時,可以僅加 for peace’ (conscience’) sake看在和平份(良心) 份上,但my boss’s daughter老板女兒;Columbus’ (Columbus’s) discovery of America哥倫布發現美國,a Tom Jones’s hit (一首Tom Jones的熱門歌曲。

Another book of my brother’s was published. 我弟弟另一本書出版了。上句之brother若不加所有格則不正確,因brother’s =brother’s books)

Tom, my cousin’s car was stolen last night. (湯姆,我表哥的車子昨晚被偷。) 不可寫成Toms car, my cousin.。但可另寫成:My cousin, Tom's car.......

一個名詞之後,若帶有一同位詞時,其所有格應加在此同位詞之後。

10) 表示某種行業之商店/辦公處,亦可在普通名詞之後所有格,即字後加 ‘apostrophe而省略 store shop

Paul had his hair cut at a barber’s. (shop) Paul在理髮店理了髮。

a baker’s麵包店 = bakerya grocer’s 雜貨商=grocery  

a butcher’s獸肉商= store or stand () a doctors (clinic)診所;a dentist’s 牙醫診所 = a dentist’s
 
officemy uncle’s / aunt’s (house) 我叔父/ 姨媽的住處;a florist’s (store) 花店,但a hardware
/store五金行 (hardware不加’s)

*但,a confectionery n.糖果店;a stationery文具店如StaplesOffice Depot等連鎖店

*專有名詞之所有格 apostrophe ( ‘ ) 後所省略之字,必須是講話者聽話者皆明白之特殊場所     

a. Their wedding is to be held at St. Peter’s (church) 他們的婚禮將在聖彼德教堂舉行

b. Are you going with me to do some shopping at Macy’s ? (department store) 你要和我去梅西百貨購物?
Some promotion sales activities are going on at Sogo's (dept. store) 崇光百貨正辦些促銷活動。

c. He had his appendix incited at St. Joseph’s (hospital) last week. 他上周在聖約瑟醫院動盲腸
手術。但,St. Martin's -(church or hospital) 可指聖馬丁醫院或教堂。

11) 陰性名詞之形成:一般陽性普通名詞字尾加-ess即成陰性host—hostess 女主人;lion-lioness雌獅;steward-stewardess  女傭;air-steward男空服員 ;air-stewardess女空服員 注意flight attendant 機上服務人員 (不分性別) 。除正副機長(captain) 外全體機上工作人員 則叫the crew(組員)

god-goddess (god屬短母音,故須重複d再加ess)女神;Apollo(阿波羅) is a god; Venus(維納斯) is a goddess.  tiger-tigress 雌虎;emperor-empress 女皇帝;duke公爵 -duchess公爵夫人;waiter-waitress女侍;actor-actress女戲子

但陽性名詞變成陰性名詞,也有不規則變化:字尾變化或完全不同的字:

he-goat 雄山羊,she-goat 雌山羊,drone 雄蜂 - bee雌蜂chairman -chairwoman 女主席
(chairperson無陽陰性) spokesman – spokeswoman 女發言人; (sportsman運動員,很少用
sportswoman) Sir-Madame 夫人;landlord男地主(房東) landlady  女房東dog- bitch 母狗(
母音) ** beach n.海灘(長母音)

Walks on the beach, all within reach.所有散步皆在鄰近海灘上。(本句強調地理位置近海灘)

witch女巫師 --wizard 男巫 *witchcraftU.巫術horse-- mare 雌馬 (鈍馬)

Joan of Arc is regarded as a great heroine.  (聖女貞德被認為是位偉大女英雄。)
 It’s difficult to cook up a perfect heroine.  編造一位完美的女英雄是困難的。* heroin海洛因
(毐品-narcotic)



Justin Lai, 06/01/2013
 
stupid-u2@hotmail.com

 

 

 

 

 

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