2013年7月16日 星期二

文法淺釋 (15)


文法淺釋系列 (15)

文法(grammar)與句型(sentence patterns)

. 代名詞 ( Pronoun) :

 11) Who who knows him will believe him? (認識他的人有誰會相信他?)

上句用who是錯誤的,因第一個who疑問代名詞 (interrogative pronoun) ,作為關係代名詞之前述詞 (precedent)時,必須用that 否則who who是令人困擾的用法。(that knows him) 作為形容詞的子句用來修飾句首的Who 原句= No one that knows him will believe him.

因為有些疑問句實際等於含有否定意思:
Who knows? = No one knows = God knows. 天曉得。另外如:
* What is the use of crying over spilt milk? =為已傾倒的牛奶而哭泣有何用? =

 It is no use crying over spilt milk.覆水難收。   

*What are you waiting for? 沒有道理再等任何人或事。=
There is no point (in) waiting for anything or anyone. (語意含無須猶預了)

 
12) 限定詞 (determiner) + noun + of +one’s (所有格) 這種形式又稱雙重所有。 限定詞包括:

a. 冠詞 (a, an, the)

b. 指示形容詞 (demonstrative adj.) this, that, these, those

c. 不定形容詞 (indefinite adj.) any, some, no, most, etc.

That dog of my father’s bit the poor boy again. (我父親那隻狗又咬了這位可憐的男孩)。但不可說:
My father’s that dog….. 這是中文式的說法。另例:
Any fault of hers is not forgivable.任何她的過失皆不可寬恕。不可說:Her any fault is………
Those books of Tom’s are at your disposal. Tom 的那些書供你自由使用。不可說:Tom’s those books.

A friend of my brother’s dropped by. 我弟弟的一位朋友來看我。

*** 注意避免使用二個或以上之名詞所有格          

He is my friend’s cousin’s roommate. ()

He is a roommate of the cousin of my friend. () 他是我朋友的堂兄的一位同室室友。

 
13) as作為關係代名詞用,來修飾前述的名詞或代名詞,其地位等於who (who), which, that, 它引導一個形容詞子句。

例:He speaks such poor English as I don’t understand.  句中的as=which,但因與前面的such 呼應,故不可以用which取代。上句中as…understand(像我所聽不懂的那樣的)…. such是形容詞,形容English。全句應譯成『他講的是我聽不懂的那麼糟的英語』。

such + adj. + n. + as +子句,形成一個重要句型。

*有時such也可以直接加as所引導的子句,例如:

Such as you mentioned were beside the point. 句中Such是不定代名詞,作as的前述詞,原句= Those (things) which,全句譯為:『你所提的事全與主題無關』。另例:

Such as they named on the list were VIP’s. (such as = those whom) 他們名單所列是貴賓。

【注意】:such as是指人或事應依上下文而定。

*such as後不接子句,而加名詞或代名詞時,應作「例如」解。例:

In summer he visited some places in northern Europe, such as Sweden, Norway and Iceland, etc.. 夏天他去北歐一些地方,例如,瑞典、挪威、冰島等地。

A: “Joe takes to outdoor sports.” 喬喜歡户外運動

B: “Such as ?……”例如? (本句期待對方回答)

 such之後若不接as而接that引導的子句,則意義完全不同:

試比較下列二句:

a.      He speaks such poor English as I don’t understand.

b.     He speaks such poor English that I don’t understand it.
a句如前述。b. 句用that引導一個子句作副詞用,表示一種結果,用來形容such (形容詞) such….that…. 如此以致於

【注意】:aunderstand後不接itb句則須要;因a. 句中的as = which,一面代替前面的English, 另一面作understand之受詞,故不必再加it。但,b句中的that是副詞連接詞,而understand又是及物動詞,故須加it.

such 之後若無名詞,such that 可連用,如:

Her reaction was such that she burst out crying. 她的反應如此强烈,以致哇的一聲哭出來。也可以用倒裝句來加强語氣:
Such was her reaction that she burst out crying. (句子的主詞是her reaction)

Justin Lai, 07/16/2013

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