英語漫談系列 (6)
『than與 then之辨別』
than與 then對初學英文者常會混淆;即使受過教育者;亦甚至常寫白字:
than 是連接詞,多半用於比較,then 通常做副詞用,如see you ~。兹簡單說明如下
than:
A.
than作連接詞 (比…)通常接在比較級形容詞或副詞之後:
He is lazier than his
brothers. 他比弟弟們懶惰。
「Something
is better ~ nothing.」聊勝於無(怨無不怨少- 台語諺語-沒有魚,蝦也好)。
「Prevention is better than cure.」預防勝於治療。也有人說:
「Prevention is the best medicine.」預防是最隹藥方。
「Better late ~never.」 晚到總比不到好。
《As the peninsula has such a long coast line, the climate is milder than
it would otherwise
be. 要不是半島有如此長的海岸線,它的氣候就不會如此溫和。》than 作連接兩個子句用,因前有比較級形容詞milder
B.
但有些比較級並不一定加 than:
l Fidel Castro is not a friend of Mexico , much less of the United States . 卡斯楚 (古巴
總統) 不是墨西哥的朋友,更非美國之友。(much less更不是….)
*The property, less normal wear and tear, must be kept in
good condition. 扣除正常耗損
之外,地產應保持良好狀況。(本句less 後不可加than)
C. than
接在rather 之後:
*Baby boomers opt to“renew” rather than retire.戰後出生嬰兒潮人們選擇‘更新’生活而
非退休。(rather than =but not= instead of)。
《The sweet things of the world have to be patiently waited for, and do
not usually come otherwise than drop by drop. 》世界上甜蜜的事物總要耐心等候;而且它們通常也只會慢慢一點一滴的來到。句中than=except除了(作介詞用)這是比較難得的用法,尤其與otherwise (=in a different way)連用。
then:
A.
She went towards me, and then
handed me a note. 她走向我,然後交給我一張字條。
【註:在一般口語中,很多人喜歡用and then….做為轉承語,或短暫停頓(pause) 以思考
銜接下一句,例如今天年輕朋友,每一句話後,就加一個「然後…」。也有人两三句中
就加一句,
“Oh, my God” (=OMG) ,顯得誇大與無聊。Carolyn Kennedy (前美國甘迺迪
總統千金),跟人談話三句不離“you know?”但,未損其形像,雖未遞補上伊州參議員
寶座,卻也當上駐英大使(ambassador) 】。
另外,
B. then 作adv.:
a. 在當時
= at that time 用於指過去或未來時間:
Jack was seriously hurt ~. 當時傑克傷重。
She will show us the way out ~. 到時她會告訴我們如何出去。
* then-n. 當時擔任:
The following year, then-Gov. Gray Davis dropped funding
from the state budget. 次年,當時的州長 Gary Davis
從州政府的預算中取走經費。 then-Gov. = governor then
b. and then…然後 =
besides 而且:
I did not feel good, and ~, it wasn’t the right time. 當時我心情不好;尚且時機也不對。
c. now……then…..一會兒….另一會兒:
Now he was crying; ~ he was laughing. 他又哭又笑。比較:
“Between tears and laughter.”啼笑皆非。(台語:七哭八笑)
“Monks then,
Tourists now.” 當時是修道士住的地方,現在已改成觀光旅館。
l Then main difference between then
and now is that, in those days, there were very few organized activities. 當時與現在主要的區別,是在當時有組織的活動很少。(then & now作代用名詞)
d. now and ~ = sometimes = from time to time=off and on三不五時、偶爾
but then另一方面,
既然如此
e. (置於句首或句尾) 作語助詞=“那麼”:
T~, that’s the
best I can do. 那麼,我能做的就是如此。
Take care, ~!
再見啦!
f. ~
and there = there and ~ 當場馬丘 = on the spot
The innocent
children fell on their knees ~ and
there. 無辜的孩子們當場下跪。
Justin Lai in Seattle USA
2010 01 29
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