文法淺釋系列 (56)
文法(grammar)與句型(sentence patterns)
四、 副詞
(Adverb):修飾:動詞、形容詞、另一副詞、
全句(前、後述)
13) hard/ hardly之辨別:
1. work hard (工作勤奮);study ~; hardly (= almost not) work 幾乎不工作
2. hard
adv. 常修飾動詞:
He is very lazy; he hardly (= almost not) works. 他很懶;他幾乎不工作。
i. work hard (工作勤奮) ;study
~
ii. hard adv.
常修飾動詞:
She
took the news hard. 她難以接受這消息。
* Old habits die hard. 固習難改。
He tried ~ to attain his goal 他努力去達成目標。
“ Life is short; pray ~”生命是短暫的;要努力禱告。(教會勸人篤信基督教之標語)
She
stared at him ~. 她狠狠瞪她。
She
began and swallowed it ~. 她開始困難地吞下它。(忍住痛苦)
He
has been called upon ~ today. 今日人家不斷地找他。
*We
were hard pressed on every
side, but not crushed. 雖有來自各方面的壓力,但我們還未潰敗。
*注意hardly 在句中位置:
a.
在 verb to be 之後:He is ~ able to play the piano again. 他幾乎
無法再彈琴。
b.
在主要動詞之前:We ~ know what to say. 幾乎不知該說些甚麼。
c. 在句首+倒裝句,以加強語氣:~
could we breathe. 我們幾乎無法呼吸。但,
H~ly a case goes by without eight justices peppering
lawyers with questions. 幾乎沒有一件法案進行時,八位大法官幾乎無不以尖銳問題質問律師們。
(註:hardly…without含雙重否定=
肯定之意=Nearly
a day goes by and ….;pepper= pelt with small objects以小問題為由而質問)
d. 在助動詞和主要動詞之間:
They can ~ tell us what happened.他們幾乎無法告訴我們發生的事。
e. ~ ever +V:
Joan~ ever visited her grandpa. Joan 幾乎從未去看她祖母。
= Joan almost
never visited her grandpa.
14) –ly副詞的適當位置:
It is a mere hypothesis,
which has not been scientifically proved yet.
它不過是一項未經科學證明的假設。
1. a mere + noun = only a + noun
It is a mere chance= It is only a chance. 不過是個機會。
2.以 –ic 結尾之 adj. 變成 adv. 須加 al+ ly:economically 經濟上地;
historically 歷史上地 ; physically 身體上地;
strategically 戰略上地
*例外: public-
~ ly 公開地;whole-
wholly 完全地;full- fully 充分地;
due - duly 適當地; dull - dully 遲鈍地
3. 副詞 (修飾)
+ 分詞或形容詞:
adv + p.p. : greatly entertained audience 十分感興趣的群眾
adv. + Ving : steadily increasing number of people 數目穩定增加的人們
*比較:
This country’s fast-growing economy
is consuming ever-larger amount
of crude.
這個國家迅速成長的經濟,正消耗日益增加數量的原油。
(*注:ever
larger = larger and larger 愈來愈大的;ever
+ 比較
級形容詞
=比較級形容詞 and 比較級形容詞,含「愈來愈……」之義。)
Today, managing that ever-rising tide
of information is a
growing challenge. 今日,管理那個逐漸上升的資訊潮流是一種
成長的挑戰。
Our ever-adapting
adversaries were seeking to exploit our weakness tomorrow.
我們伺機而動的敵人,一直尋求在明日利用我們的缺點來削弱我們。
l Noun
– Ving:
His films have had something of an awe-inducing effect on the art
world.
他的電影一直存有,對藝術界引發恐怖的一種效應。
(awe-inducing effect= effect which
induces awe.;induce〔0n'djus〕v. 誘發)
adv. + adj.: increasingly important issues
逐漸重要的問題
02/11/2014
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