2014年2月11日 星期二

文法淺釋系列 (56)

文法淺釋系列 (56)

文法(grammar)與句型(sentence patterns)

四、 副詞 (Adverb):修飾:動詞、形容詞、另一副詞、
全句(前、後述)

13)  hard/ hardly之辨別:

1. work hard (工作勤奮)study ~;  hardly (= almost not) work   幾乎不工作      
         
2. hard adv. 常修飾動詞:
He is very lazy; he hardly (= almost not) works. 他很懶;他幾乎不工作。
i. work hard (工作勤奮) study ~      
        
ii. hard adv. 常修飾動詞:
She took the news hard. 她難以接受這消息。
* Old habits die hard. 固習難改。
He tried ~ to attain his goal 他努力去達成目標。
       “    Life is short; pray ~”生命是短暫的;要努力禱告。(教會勸人篤信基督教之標語)
She stared at him ~. 她狠狠瞪她。
She began and swallowed it ~她開始困難地吞下它。(忍住痛苦)
He has been called upon ~ today. 今日人家不斷地找他。
*We were hard pressed on every side, but not crushed. 雖有來自各方面的壓力,但我們還未潰敗。

*注意hardly 句中位置
a. verb to be 之後:He is ~ able to play the piano again.  他幾乎
無法再彈琴。

b. 主要動詞之前:We ~ know what to say. 幾乎不知該說些甚麼。

c. 句首+倒裝句,以加強語氣~ could we breathe. 我們幾乎無法呼吸。但,
H~ly a case goes by without eight justices peppering lawyers with questions. 幾乎沒有一件法案進行時,八位大法官幾乎無不以尖銳問題質問律師們。
(註:hardly…without含雙重否定= 肯定之意=Nearly a day goes by and ….pepper= pelt with small objects以小問題為由而質問)

d. 助動詞和主要動詞之間:
They can ~ tell us what happened.他們幾乎無法告訴我們發生的事。
         
e. ~ ever +V:
Joan~ ever visited her grandpa. Joan 幾乎從未去看她祖母。
= Joan almost never visited her grandpa.

14) –ly副詞的適當位置:
It is a mere hypothesis, which has not been scientifically proved yet.
它不過是一項未經科學證明的假設。

1. a mere + noun = only a + noun                    
 It is a mere chance It is only a chance. 不過是個機會。

2. –ic 結尾之 adj. 變成 adv. 須加 al+ lyeconomically  經濟上地;
historically 歷史上地 physically   身體上地; strategically   戰略上地
*例外 public- ~ ly 公開地;whole- wholly  完全地;full- fully  充分地;
due - duly 適當地; dull -  dully   遲鈍地

3.  副詞 (修飾) + 分詞或形容詞                     
adv + p.p. greatly entertained audience   十分感興趣的群眾
adv. + Ving steadily increasing number of people   數目穩定增加的人們
*比較
This country’s fast-growing economy is consuming ever-larger amount of crude.
這個國家迅速成長的經濟,正消耗日益增加數量的原油。
     (*注:ever larger = larger and larger 愈來愈大的;ever + 比較
級形容詞
=比較級形容詞 and 比較級形容詞,含「愈來愈……」之義。)

         Today, managing that ever-rising tide of information is a
growing challenge. 今日,管理那個逐漸上升的資訊潮流是一種
成長的挑戰。
Our ever-adapting adversaries were seeking to exploit our weakness tomorrow.
         我們伺機而動的敵人,一直尋求在明日利用我們的缺點來削弱我們。

l Noun – Ving:
 His films have had something of an awe-inducing effect on the art world.
他的電影一直存有,對藝術界引發恐怖的一種效應。

(awe-inducing effect= effect which induces awe.induce0n'djusv. 誘發)
            
adv. + adj. increasingly important issues  逐漸重要的問題

02/11/2014



沒有留言:

張貼留言